The changing face of cognitive gender differences in Europe

Results showing that gender differences in mathematics and science are smaller in countries with higher gender equality have led researchers to conclude that cognitive gender differences are decreasing as a function of increased gender equality. Instead, we find that improved living conditions and less gender-restricted educational opportunities are associated with increased gender differences favoring women in some cognitive functions and decreases or elimination of gender differences in other cognitive abilities. Our results suggest that these changes take place as a result of women gaining more than men from societal improvements over time, thereby increasing their general cognitive ability more than men.

PNAS 2014
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1319538111